Integrative Research Qualitative Methodologies

Question: Talk about the Integrative Research for Qualitative Methodologies. Answer: Presentation The goal of this paper is to basically break down the quantitative and subjective systems. For completing the subjective research, from the summary of research papers given, I have picked Moderated directing: A grounded hypothesis of nursing practice in end-of-life care. For quantitative research method, I have picked the exploration paper, Fighting Like kin and sister: Sibling Relationship and Future Adult Romantic Relationship Quality. For this paper, I will in like manner investigate, thoroughly analyze the procedures. I will rapidly delineate the segments of every strategy and research them. I will analyze the qualities and shortcomings of every strategy. Quantitative Research Approach Quantitative research approach produces measurements utilizing tremendous scope review examine, using systems, for instance, overviews or polls and organized meetings. Quantitative research helped in interacting with the members just as takes the criticism of countless individuals (Mertens, 2014). Quantitative assessment attempts to fathom enormous number of people in manners that applies to a progressively broad extent of settings (Mertens, 2014). This highlight on sweeping statement in like manner prompts the surge of research inquiries to the extent factors that consistently go about as parts in powerful models. Subjective Research Approach Subjective research has been portrayed as a sort of social solicitation that spotlights in the manner people disentangle and grasp their encounters and the world where they live(Holloway, 1997). It insinuates an investigation methodology that investigates an issue where the analyst drives the investigation in a trademark setting and builds an unusual examination or investigation by technique for rich delineation and explanations, and what's more a wary assessment of information (Creswell, 2012). Despite the way that there are different strategies inside the more broad arrangement of subjective methodology, most of these have a similar purpose of understanding the social truth of individuals, gatherings and social orders. Denzin Lincoln, (1994) have seen that subjective methodology incorporates an interpretive and naturalistic procedure. The creators have inferred that subjective investigators study things in their normal settings, attempting to understand, or to decipher, wonders the extent that the suggestions people pass on to them. Looking at the Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approach Reichardt Cook, (1979) communicated in assessment of the two sorts of research systems, that it suggests different key components in both research draws near. The correlation among Qualitative and Quantitative research approaches as demonstrated by three key refinements. Subjective methodology is normally inductive, abstract, and relevant while Quantitative investigation is regularly deductive, goal, and general. Subjective Research Quantitative Research Acceptance Derivation Purposes Creates theory from discernments Arranged to disclosure, examination Purposes Tests speculation through observations Arranged to conditions and final products Methods Developing arrangement Unions data social event and examination Techniques Foreordained framework Separate data gathering and examination Subjectivity Objectivity Purposes Underlines suggestions, understandings Attempts to appreciate others' perspectives Purposes Stresses things that can be estimated Results don't depend on upon feelings Methodology Specialist is incorporated, near the information Analyst is the assessment instrument Strategies Analyst is separated, expelled from the data Depends on standardized shows Setting All inclusive statement Purposes Underlines specific significance and unobtrusive component Examinations thorough structures Purposes Underlines hypothesis and replication Examinations factors Strategies Utilizations a naturalistic technique Depends on a couple purposively picked cases Techniques Utilizations exploratory and factual controls Works over an enormous number of cases Differentiating the Qualitative and Quantitative Research Approach Maxwell, (2012) expressed that in the subjective research approach there is an opportunity of knowing various points of one subject, which can be between related with one another and are socially evolved. Subjective methodology makes the speculation and the central segment of investigation. The examination approach of the subjective research is one of a kind and depends on the discoveries. It has been seen that in the quantitative assessment approach there is just a single ramifications of the subject, which is objective arranged and autonomous. Quantitative research conditions and final products associations are the bases of learning, tests theory, basic part of examination is numbers summarize and control of slip-up. Then again, among subjectivity and objectivity, quantitative research looks for after a game plan of purposes associated with objectivity. This complement on objectivity customarily prompts a concern with isolated estimation and a goal of limiting your own impact. In s ubjective research, the abstract investigation focuses on centrality and understandings moreover incorporate close, singular contacts that utilization the analyst as the instrument for recording observations. The capability among enlistment and conclusion is a significant qualification among subjective and quantitative assessment. Inductive strategy regularly starts with recognitions, which you at that point use to make theory or make hypothesis. This inductive system beginning with recognitions prompts destinations, for instance, disclosure and examination. In quantitative investigation, the deductive explanation begins with theories and hypothesis, which you evaluate through discernments (Morgan, 2013). In setting and sweeping statement, subjective research ordinarily takes a gander at specific conditions or sets of people through and through and detail. Moreover, this philosophy normally relies upon widely inclusive strategy that sees whatever number of the material parts as coul d be normal the situation being what it is. Subjective research makes precise comprehension of widely inclusive systems through naturalistic examinations with reasonably little amounts of cases. Qualities and shortcomings of Quantitative and Qualitative research approach Subjective Research Approach Quantitative Research Approach Qualities Rich and far reaching Spotlights on lived understanding, set in its association Deciphers person's points of view and stories Perspective on homogenous examination Raise more issues through wide and open-finished solicitation Understanding acts of qualities, convictions and assumptions Gives particular case information Information considering person's own arrangements of significance Helpful for depicting complex wonders Qualities Dependability by essential analyzed Brief timeframe period for directed review Encouraged numerical data for gatherings and degrees of agree or vary from respondents Helpful for considering immense number of people Give accurate, quantitative, numerical data Less tedious for the examination of information Research results are respectably autonomous of the investigator Shortcomings No objectivity affirm result The prerequisite of questioners being skilful Tedious during talking technique and concentrated class process Hard to make quantitative estimates Progressively hard to test hypothesis and theories with immense part pools Information conveyed may not summarize to others or settings Shortcomings No human perception and feelings Absence of assets for significant scale look into No significance experience portrayal Scientist's orders that are used may not reflect nearby understandings Speculations used may not reflect nearby understanding Information conveyed might be too much calculated and general for direct application to close by conditions and the individuals Neglects to give an all around depiction of the experience of catastrophe Presentation Ideal models are viewed as the focal points through which one can see the social world and it very well may be seen differently to the extent assumptions, qualities and interests (Cohen, Manion, Morrison, 2013). Notwithstanding that, Lincoln, Lynham, Guba, (2011) keep up that worldview is a plan of fundamental convictions. It shows the world point of view and the behavior that most people find acceptable itself, the person's position and the possible associations on the planet. A scientist's worldview can change on the reason of philosophy (the idea of the real world), epistemology (the idea of learning) axiology (the characteristics associated with zones of investigation and theorizing), or approach (frameworks for gathering and breaking down data (Nuttin, 2014). Regardless, ideal models are used as techniques for sorting and gathering research. Positivist Paradigm Positivism began by Auguste Comte in the nineteenth century (Lather, 2006, January) and pronounces a determinist and empiricist thinking, where causes choose effects, and expects to clearly watch, quantitatively gauge and predict associations between factors (Hammersley, 2009). I acknowledge that social wonders, like articles in typical science, can be managed comparably. Positivism worldview is inconsistently similarly insinuated as a pragmatist or reasonable worldview acknowledge that a singular certifiable reality starting at now exist 'out there' and is holding up to be found. Positivists believe that actually consistent and can be watched and depicted from an objective vi

James Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

James Madison - Essay Example Madison solidly had faith in the solid unification of the nation. Beginning The fourth President of United States, James Madison (sixteenth March, 1751-28th June, 1886) made a monstrous commitment towards building the establishment of the country. This incredible pioneer was conceived at Belle Grove Plantation arranged close to Port Conway, Virginia. His dad, James Madison Senior was the biggest landowner (with 5000 sections of land of land) and a main resident of the Orange Country. His mom, Nelly Conway Madison was the girl of a conspicuous grower 2 and tobacco trader. Subsequently, Madison was conceived in a significant prosperous family and as the most established of 12 kids was given appropriate training at each progression of his life. The two his folks affected him and his profession. James Madison went to Princeton College (recently named College of New Jersey) and graduated in 1771. On fifteenth September, 1794, James wedded a widow, Dolley Payne Todd (twentieth May, 1768) a nd embraced her child, John Payne Todd. Dolley was the sister of Lucy Payne who wedded one of President Washington’s nephews, George Steptoe Washington. Dolley was removed from the Society of Friends for wedding a non-Quaker. Sanction of Constitution Madison extraordinarily contributed towards the endorsement of Constitution by composing a few Federal papers alongside John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. Madison had widely examined the old and present day alliances and he comprehended that the republic would die on the off chance that it didn't have a solid focal government. He contributed twenty nine out of eighty five articles that were distributed in different papers. At 1787 Constitutional Convention, Madison’s draft of Virginia Plan and his progressive three-branch government framework turned into the reason for the American Constitution of Today. Subsequently when tended to as the â€Å"Father of the 3 Constitution†, Madison intentionally made light of it by s aying that the archive was not â€Å"the off-spring of a solitary brain†, yet â€Å"the work of numerous heads and numerous hands.† Political Views James was a lot of a liberal strategically. He accepted that as the legislatures were framed after a conventional political decision and by well known selection of individuals, subsequently in the event that that administration fizzled and got abusive, at that point individuals ought to have the full option to cause a revolt and oust that legislature. James regarded privatization as properties and strict freedoms. James Madison had assisted with composing the Federalists Papers. As indicated by him, the national government ought to be engaged to act straightforwardly on people while protecting the uprightness of the State Sovereignty. Subsequently, this additionally makes him Federalist in a political manner. James was a republic as well. His life was committed to the reason for self government. Aversion of Slavery James Ma dison viewed subjugation as a type of mercilessness where one individual was treated as a property of another individual and exchanged a similar route as human does. In a letter to Robert J. Evans, Madison composes, â€Å"[I]f subjugation, as a national underhandedness, is to be nullified, and it be only that it be done at the national cost, the measure of the cost is certifiably not a principal consideration.† 4 James Madison spoke to the general population to nullify bondage and to regard the slaves as individuals and not only as property. Supported Congress Over State Legislature James Madison supported the Congress over the

The Day Before Selection Begins

The Day Before Selection Begins Sorry for the blog vacation guys. Were scrambling to get ahead in our work before we retreat to selection committee tomorrow. (Dont get too excited, the whole process takes about a month, so were still right on schedule to mail decisions in mid-march.) MyMIT has been pretty static recently, I know. This is because weve been working hard behind the scenes to change things around a bunch some portlets will be retired; some new ones will be added. Weve hired some student experts on subjects like UROP and Arts. I am SO excited to roll out the new layout and content. For the record, I have eaten Annas every day for lunch. I will be heading over there as soon as I finish this post. A parent sent me a disturbing article today. Reality-television-culture meets college admissions. A girl basically paid a consultant to help her reinvent her entire identity (including mailing address and activities) just to match the profile that colleges are looking for. Absurd. And supposedly the girl is a freshman here at MIT now, although I have no way of proving that. The irony is that I read it immediately following our pre-selection meeting, in which Marilee (our dean) talked about how insane the world is becoming in terms of competitive college admissions and how we (meaning all colleges, not just MIT) have a responsibilty to find a way to take the pressure down a notch otherwise the lives of high school students are destined to become 100% about getting into college, which is wrong, wrong, wrong. Life is for living. Below youll find an article that was published in March 2004 in the Boston Globe. After you read it youll know why I love MIT, and even moreso, its dean of admissions and the office she has built. (following article copyright 2004 The Boston Globe.) The Pleasure Principle Tell us about something you do for the pleasure of it. That question, on the MIT undergraduate admissions application, may look innocuous. But it represents one womans attempt to change the world and so far the world has barely budged. Although MITs admissions dean, Marilee Jones, has the support of her school, she is pretty much a revolution of one as she tries to push her counterparts on other campuses to lower the pressure on students competing for slots in Americas elite colleges. Its like an arms race out there, said Dean Jones in a phone interview, referring to the competition between schools to get top ranking on national lists such as the annual US News World Report college survey. That race to get the best students drives high schools, parents, and students to try to meet an ever rising bar of excellence, which, according to Jones, rewards people who are obsessing to the max. Two years ago Jones revamped the MIT application and interview process to learn more about the human being and to tap into what she defines simply as joy. Students answering the pleasure question on the application and another about dreams and aspirations get beyond lists and rote responses. They talk about their friends or their dog or how they like to cook or write poetry, and you see a very different aspect of the person than you see when theyre writing about why they want to be an engineer, said Jones, who began taking her crusade national last year with an article on aggressive parents in USA Today. She is also talking to admissions deans and plans to hit them hard at a May conference at MIT that will include Stanford and the Ivy League schools. In addition, she will address the Consortium on Financing Higher Education in June and talk to high school guidance counselors this summer. Go, Dean Jones! And may you never get discouraged no matter how deafening the silence from administrators who might not see themselves as part of the problem. The blame can be widely shared, of course, to encompass an entire culture, which has become an ulcer machine for adults as well as their kids. Economic pressures are immense, with some people working two or three jobs and with corporations insisting on higher productivity even as they downsize. Technology has made work a keystroke away, and consequently a lot of people never leave the office even when theyre on vacation. The lazy weekend is no more in households where conflicting sports schedules, errands, and briefcases or backpacks full of homework make everyone too aware of the clock. Tell us about something you do for the pleasure of it. The question is profound and deserves societys joyful contemplation. Like I said, I love this place.

Present Progressive Tense of Spanish

The present progressive tense of Spanish is formed with the simple present tense of estar followed by a present participle, also known as a gerund. Differences Between Progressive and Simple Tenses Thus, the present progressive forms of comer are: Estoy comiendo. I am eating.Està ¡s comiendo. You are eating.Està ¡ comiendo. You/he/she are/is eating.Estamos comiendo. We are eating.Està ¡is comiendo. You are eating.Està ¡n comiendo. You/they are eating. Something you may notice right away is that the simple present tense can also be translated the same way. Thus comemos can also mean We are eating. So whats the difference? The main difference is that, like the other progressive verb forms, the present progressive (also known as the present continuous) tense emphasizes the process, or that something is in progress, more than the simple present does. The difference can be a subtle one, and there isnt always a big difference in meaning between the simple present and the present progressive. Again, the matter is one of emphasis. You may ask a friend,  ¿En que piensas? or  ¿En que està ¡s pensando? and they both would mean What are you thinking about? But the latter places more emphasis on the thinking process. In some contexts (but not all), the connotation of the Spanish progressive might be conveyed in a sentence such as What are you thinking? where the English verbal emphasis gives a slight change of meaning. How the Present Progressive Is Used Here are some examples of sentences where the in-progress nature of the verbs action can be seen: Estoy escribiendo el plan de negocios para mi empresa. (I am writing the business plan for my enterprise.)Estamos estudiando la posibilidad de hacerla bianualmente. (We are studying the possibility of doing it biannually.) ¿Le està ¡n saliendo sus primeros dientitos? (Are his first baby teeth growing out?)Me estoy rompiendo en pedazos. (Im falling apart. Literally, Im breaking in pieces.)Los libros electrà ³nicos està ¡n ganando popularidad. (Electronic books are gaining popularity.) The present progressive can suggest that something is happening right now, and sometimes it can indicate that the action is something unexpected or likely to be of short duration:  ¿Quà © es esto que estoy sintiendo? (Whats this Im feeling now?)No me molestes. Estoy estudiando. (Dont bother me. Im studying.) ¿Ãƒâ€°sto es lo que està ¡s diciendo? (This is what youre telling me?)Puedo ver que està ¡s sufriendo. (I can see youre suffering.) And sometimes, the present progressive can be used for almost the opposite, to indicate that something is constantly happening over and over, even though it may not be happening at the moment: Sabemos que estamos comiendo maà ­z transgà ©nico. (We know we are constantly eating genetically engineered corn.)Las unidades se està ¡n vendiendo ilegalmente en los Estados Unidos. (The units keep on being sold illegally in the United States.)Los barcos de aluminio satisfarà ­an bien si usted està ¡ pescando mucho en los rà ­os. (The aluminum boats would be quite suitable if you are fishing all the time in rivers.) Keep in mind that while many of the sample sentences here are translated using the present progressive in English, you shouldnt habitually translate that English form to Spanish that way. Spanish students frequently overuse the progressive, partly because it is used in English in ways that it isnt in Spanish. For example, the English sentence We are leaving tomorrow, would be nonsensical if translated using the Spanish present progressive, as Estamos saliendo would typically be understood to mean We are leaving now or We are in the process of leaving. Other Progressive Tenses Progressive tenses can also be formed by using the other tenses of estar. Although some of the tenses are seldom used, they are used much like their English counterparts. As with the present tense, the use of a progressive rather than simple tense puts an emphasis on the continuing nature of the action. An example is the preterite progressive, which indicates that an action continued over a period of time but came to a definite end. This can be seen in this sentence: La compaà ±ia estuvo comprando derechos de agua. (The company was buying water rights.) The same sentence could be reworded into the imperfect progressive (La compaà ±ia estaba comprando derechos de agua) without a change in translation, but its meaning would change slightly. In the imperfect, the sentence doesnt clearly indicate that the purchasing came to an end. Progressive tenses can even be formed using the perfect tenses of estar. For example, the future perfect progressive is used in this sentence: Habrà © estado viajando aproximadamente 24 horas. (I will have been traveling about 24 hours.) Key Takeaways The progressive tenses are formed by combining a form of estar with the present participle or gerund.The progressive tenses emphasize the continuing nature of the action.English speakers should be careful not to overuse the progressive tenses in Spanish, which uses them less frequently than English does.

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 943 Words

With progressive advances in technology, advances in medicine and an understanding of the human body have also consistently increased. New drugs are available for safe consumption to combat a plethora of illnesses and disorders ranging from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to chronic depression. As a result of the growing options for prescribed remedies to health complications, there has been a blur on the line distinguishing beneficial medicine to recreational drug use. The growing call in the United States for a legalization of recreational marijuana has led to much criticism of apparent double standards between medications and marijuana. Critics of the current ban in most U.S. states claim that there is no substantial difference to medical pills and smoking marijuana for some sort of health benefit, but the primary use of marijuana is for leisure only and has copious negative health effects as a result. Medications legal in the U.S. all have a medical purpose that r ecreational weed falls short on in addition to chances of addiction without proper guidance from medical professionals that often come with many legalized pills; over the counter, or prescribed. The satirical cartoon does not effective describe any contradiction in the thinking of those that do not support marijuana. Many critics of the prohibition on marijuana argue that the difference between weed and prescribed, or over the counter drugs is extremely miniscule. Millions of Americans takeShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijua na is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasn’t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isn’t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At

How useful is the term ‘cultural revolution’ when applied to the sixties Free Essays

The sixties are definitely remembered by its generation as a time of significant change. Many associate the period fondly with memories of groups such as The Beatles and The Kinks, at the same time remembering the many protests and movements that hoped to change the ideas and values of society. In answer to whether the term ‘cultural revolution’ is useful when applied to the sixties, study of these disciplines is most certainly necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on How useful is the term ‘cultural revolution’ when applied to the sixties? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the period of study being only a matter of decades from present day, we still face the same problems any historian would face given the same question applied to a time centuries ago. The validity of the sources is of utmost importance; fortunately in regards to the music of the sixties we have records from the time, and charts to show the popularity of groups and artists. In regards to the field of science, there is a great variety of primary source material due to the nature of the profession. One could safely assume that the documented research and findings were indeed accurate and reliable information from educated professionals. Science in the sixties is very much associated with protests, surprisingly not only by rebellious radicals but respected public figures and people at the top of their fields and professional careers. With figures such as Eisenhower raising concerns regarding the dominance and excess of military weapons the public had to stand up and listen. People’s faith in the government was undermined by the disillusionment of events that happened in the Vietnam War. The sixties almost certainly contributed to the changing in attitudes towards authority, leading the way for if not a cultural revolution, then a shift in peoples thinking, and an intolerance for civilians to be left in the dark. People were willing to stand up for what they believed in, which resulted in a number of forces converging to cause traditional values to be thrown aside. However, at the same time we must acknowledge that these concerns that were being voiced in the early sixties were primarily a result of the military development in technological warfare in the forties and fifties such as the atomic bomb. The question was, why had these concerns taken so long to be voiced? A major part in the many protests and movements had to be the media; both television and radio were in the position to sensationalize an issue and selectively control the information they presented. Therefore, people began to be driven more by drama than by tradition and reflection. Images of devastation from around the world were transmitted into people’s living rooms and for the first time they were able to see for themselves the devastation of war and military arms. If we understand the term ‘cultural revolution’ as a transformation in the attitudes towards authority and a change in the everyday lives of people then television had to be at the forefront of this revolution. It was a huge influence behind the protests at MIT opposing America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. These images outraged people and this rage ignited movements to oppose the war and resist the conscription. Attitudes to authority changed, there was an outrage against a government who were sending the sixties youth to their deaths for a war that didn’t involve America. As a result of scientific research in aid of war, the sixties saw the introduction of chemical warfare; biological weapons such as DDT were developed and used to kill vegetation and crops that the Vietcong were using as groundcover and as food sources. This was a huge revolution and advancement in scientific development but further fuelled the concerns of movements of two kinds, those that were anti-science, and those that were not against science; but the practices of scientists in the late sixties. The revolution also affected the way in which scientists carried out their work, they had lost their intellectual freedom; the military governed what research they conducted and prohibited them from publishing their findings in journals and publications. These were definitely the results of a technological revolution. The irony is, that whilst the government and military funded expensive scientific research, putting not only finances but also great amounts of control and trust into the scientists, it was these scientists who had the most power over the country. Opposition to military involvement wasn’t the only counter-movement regarding scientific research in the sixties; there was also huge objection in the roles of women in scientific study. The grievance was more than the issue that there were few women working in the science field, but also that the majority who had been successful in pursuing a career in science weren’t able to sustain their posts. A study by Rossi in 1965 showed that compared to males, more females across a range of occupations voluntarily left their posts, more so in the field of science. The study also showed that women counted for only 10% of individuals who worked in science. It was findings like this that began movements for the cause of ‘women’s liberation’ and were a sign of changing times and a revolution in the role of women who sought for the same rights to education and employment opportunities as men. It was also two women in science who played a major role in revolutionizing ideas about the human embryo. Lenz and Kelsey’s research went against all that previously been believed about pregnant women and their unborn children. They’re research tackled and exposed the ignorance of traditional practices; primarily challenging the idea at the time, that what didn’t harm the pregnant mother, couldn’t harm her child. Through their insistence that babies react differently to drugs, nicotine, alcohol etc, they radically transformed neonatal studies. When applied to the struggle for women to be acknowledged in the field of science, the term ‘cultural revolution’ is extremely useful, because movements in the sixties paved the way for more women into education. For example, the demand for advanced education to be more accessible to women saw the number of women graduate in primatology go from zero in the 1960’s to eight out of ten students in the 1990’s. This was clearly an outstanding achievement that shows the impact of the sixties. Music was another field that underwent a radical transformation during the sixties. It wasn’t simply a case of new trends being introduced however. The sixties music scene was about existing trends, the revival of early music and the introduction of original sounds. In terms of music, the sixties could be seen as a cultural revolution. The variety of styles contributed to challenging existing ideas about music, and showed the importance for them to co-exist to establish a rich and lively music scene. The sixties music scene is renowned for being associated with the Beatles and rebellious figures such as Jimi Hendrix and The Kinks, however, at the same time existing trends were still hugely popular as was the early music revival. It was the co-existence of the three that made the sixties revolutionary. Bands and artists embraced the rich and diversified music styles, and the sixties saw much experiment with lyrics and instruments. Not least, among these were The Beatles, their shift from usual music styles is evident in Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Heavily influenced from eastern styles, this was nothing innovative; however, it was a relatively unheard style among the British fans. It appealed to the sixties generation who sought alternative lifestyles and the blending of cultures set to challenge pre-conceived ideas of Brit-pop. Jimi Hendrix was also at the forefront of the sixties music revolution, with erotic and suggestive mannerisms he appealed to the generation who consumed sexual liberation. His rebellious and aggressive music was something that protesters and anarchists at the time could identify with, finding their own voice in this expressive form. The early music revival, although established in the late fifties, was at its most prevalent in the sixties. This interest in a period of music that had previously been ‘forgotten’ demonstrated a transformation in the tastes of the sixties generation. Although classic composers such as Handel and Bach had been popular in earlier periods, there was one main difference in the appreciation of early music during the sixties. The emphasis of the early music revival was the desire for authenticity; the sixties saw a change to how these compositions were performed; which led to experimentation in tempo, instruments and styles of singing. It is argued that the sixties were not an isolated period for cultural change; and that the sixties merely followed on from what had began in the late fifties. The changes that were seen to happen in the sixties could just as well be attributed to the upshot of the end of the war. Families had experienced a great disruption in their lives; many had been killed in the war and had left families shattered. The women’s liberation could be a reaction to women resenting their return to domestic duties and pre WWII lifestyle, after having filled the roles of men in the workplace when manpower was limited. The seventies also played their part in this cultural change; despite the rise of feminism and gay rights initiating in the late sixties, they didn’t fully come into fruition until the seventies. However, in spite of the roles the fifties and seventies played in what is seen as a ‘cultural revolution’, the sixties is undoubtedly synonymous with all that was radical and new at that time. In conclusion, having only looked at two disciplines, it leaves us limited to answer whether the sixties were indeed a ‘cultural revolution’. However, in regards to the examples we’ve seen in both the fields of music and science, there is certainly proof that the sixties were a significant time for change. Its impossible to know for certain whether these changes would have taken place if not for situations and circumstances that arose during the sixties, and whether they were in fact just a consequence of a nation recovering from war. Despite this, the term ‘cultural revolution’ is certainly useful when applied to the sixties in a number of examples; attitudes to authority were challenged, women gained greater access into education and music appeared to unite and give voice to rebellious protesters who sought a change in ideas and values. How to cite How useful is the term ‘cultural revolution’ when applied to the sixties?, Papers

How useful is the term ‘cultural revolution’ when applied to the sixties Free Essays

The sixties are definitely remembered by its generation as a time of significant change. Many associate the period fondly with memories of groups such as The Beatles and The Kinks, at the same time remembering the many protests and movements that hoped to change the ideas and values of society. In answer to whether the term ‘cultural revolution’ is useful when applied to the sixties, study of these disciplines is most certainly necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on How useful is the term ‘cultural revolution’ when applied to the sixties? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite the period of study being only a matter of decades from present day, we still face the same problems any historian would face given the same question applied to a time centuries ago. The validity of the sources is of utmost importance; fortunately in regards to the music of the sixties we have records from the time, and charts to show the popularity of groups and artists. In regards to the field of science, there is a great variety of primary source material due to the nature of the profession. One could safely assume that the documented research and findings were indeed accurate and reliable information from educated professionals. Science in the sixties is very much associated with protests, surprisingly not only by rebellious radicals but respected public figures and people at the top of their fields and professional careers. With figures such as Eisenhower raising concerns regarding the dominance and excess of military weapons the public had to stand up and listen. People’s faith in the government was undermined by the disillusionment of events that happened in the Vietnam War. The sixties almost certainly contributed to the changing in attitudes towards authority, leading the way for if not a cultural revolution, then a shift in peoples thinking, and an intolerance for civilians to be left in the dark. People were willing to stand up for what they believed in, which resulted in a number of forces converging to cause traditional values to be thrown aside. However, at the same time we must acknowledge that these concerns that were being voiced in the early sixties were primarily a result of the military development in technological warfare in the forties and fifties such as the atomic bomb. The question was, why had these concerns taken so long to be voiced? A major part in the many protests and movements had to be the media; both television and radio were in the position to sensationalize an issue and selectively control the information they presented. Therefore, people began to be driven more by drama than by tradition and reflection. Images of devastation from around the world were transmitted into people’s living rooms and for the first time they were able to see for themselves the devastation of war and military arms. If we understand the term ‘cultural revolution’ as a transformation in the attitudes towards authority and a change in the everyday lives of people then television had to be at the forefront of this revolution. It was a huge influence behind the protests at MIT opposing America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. These images outraged people and this rage ignited movements to oppose the war and resist the conscription. Attitudes to authority changed, there was an outrage against a government who were sending the sixties youth to their deaths for a war that didn’t involve America. As a result of scientific research in aid of war, the sixties saw the introduction of chemical warfare; biological weapons such as DDT were developed and used to kill vegetation and crops that the Vietcong were using as groundcover and as food sources. This was a huge revolution and advancement in scientific development but further fuelled the concerns of movements of two kinds, those that were anti-science, and those that were not against science; but the practices of scientists in the late sixties. The revolution also affected the way in which scientists carried out their work, they had lost their intellectual freedom; the military governed what research they conducted and prohibited them from publishing their findings in journals and publications. These were definitely the results of a technological revolution. The irony is, that whilst the government and military funded expensive scientific research, putting not only finances but also great amounts of control and trust into the scientists, it was these scientists who had the most power over the country. Opposition to military involvement wasn’t the only counter-movement regarding scientific research in the sixties; there was also huge objection in the roles of women in scientific study. The grievance was more than the issue that there were few women working in the science field, but also that the majority who had been successful in pursuing a career in science weren’t able to sustain their posts. A study by Rossi in 1965 showed that compared to males, more females across a range of occupations voluntarily left their posts, more so in the field of science. The study also showed that women counted for only 10% of individuals who worked in science. It was findings like this that began movements for the cause of ‘women’s liberation’ and were a sign of changing times and a revolution in the role of women who sought for the same rights to education and employment opportunities as men. It was also two women in science who played a major role in revolutionizing ideas about the human embryo. Lenz and Kelsey’s research went against all that previously been believed about pregnant women and their unborn children. They’re research tackled and exposed the ignorance of traditional practices; primarily challenging the idea at the time, that what didn’t harm the pregnant mother, couldn’t harm her child. Through their insistence that babies react differently to drugs, nicotine, alcohol etc, they radically transformed neonatal studies. When applied to the struggle for women to be acknowledged in the field of science, the term ‘cultural revolution’ is extremely useful, because movements in the sixties paved the way for more women into education. For example, the demand for advanced education to be more accessible to women saw the number of women graduate in primatology go from zero in the 1960’s to eight out of ten students in the 1990’s. This was clearly an outstanding achievement that shows the impact of the sixties. Music was another field that underwent a radical transformation during the sixties. It wasn’t simply a case of new trends being introduced however. The sixties music scene was about existing trends, the revival of early music and the introduction of original sounds. In terms of music, the sixties could be seen as a cultural revolution. The variety of styles contributed to challenging existing ideas about music, and showed the importance for them to co-exist to establish a rich and lively music scene. The sixties music scene is renowned for being associated with the Beatles and rebellious figures such as Jimi Hendrix and The Kinks, however, at the same time existing trends were still hugely popular as was the early music revival. It was the co-existence of the three that made the sixties revolutionary. Bands and artists embraced the rich and diversified music styles, and the sixties saw much experiment with lyrics and instruments. Not least, among these were The Beatles, their shift from usual music styles is evident in Sergeant Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. Heavily influenced from eastern styles, this was nothing innovative; however, it was a relatively unheard style among the British fans. It appealed to the sixties generation who sought alternative lifestyles and the blending of cultures set to challenge pre-conceived ideas of Brit-pop. Jimi Hendrix was also at the forefront of the sixties music revolution, with erotic and suggestive mannerisms he appealed to the generation who consumed sexual liberation. His rebellious and aggressive music was something that protesters and anarchists at the time could identify with, finding their own voice in this expressive form. The early music revival, although established in the late fifties, was at its most prevalent in the sixties. This interest in a period of music that had previously been ‘forgotten’ demonstrated a transformation in the tastes of the sixties generation. Although classic composers such as Handel and Bach had been popular in earlier periods, there was one main difference in the appreciation of early music during the sixties. The emphasis of the early music revival was the desire for authenticity; the sixties saw a change to how these compositions were performed; which led to experimentation in tempo, instruments and styles of singing. It is argued that the sixties were not an isolated period for cultural change; and that the sixties merely followed on from what had began in the late fifties. The changes that were seen to happen in the sixties could just as well be attributed to the upshot of the end of the war. Families had experienced a great disruption in their lives; many had been killed in the war and had left families shattered. The women’s liberation could be a reaction to women resenting their return to domestic duties and pre WWII lifestyle, after having filled the roles of men in the workplace when manpower was limited. The seventies also played their part in this cultural change; despite the rise of feminism and gay rights initiating in the late sixties, they didn’t fully come into fruition until the seventies. However, in spite of the roles the fifties and seventies played in what is seen as a ‘cultural revolution’, the sixties is undoubtedly synonymous with all that was radical and new at that time. In conclusion, having only looked at two disciplines, it leaves us limited to answer whether the sixties were indeed a ‘cultural revolution’. However, in regards to the examples we’ve seen in both the fields of music and science, there is certainly proof that the sixties were a significant time for change. Its impossible to know for certain whether these changes would have taken place if not for situations and circumstances that arose during the sixties, and whether they were in fact just a consequence of a nation recovering from war. Despite this, the term ‘cultural revolution’ is certainly useful when applied to the sixties in a number of examples; attitudes to authority were challenged, women gained greater access into education and music appeared to unite and give voice to rebellious protesters who sought a change in ideas and values. How to cite How useful is the term ‘cultural revolution’ when applied to the sixties?, Papers